Greco-Roman Sites in Pontus (4 Days: Trabzon –> Sinop)
Updated: 4 hours ago
Pontus was a mountainous region along the southern coast of the Black Sea. The area lies in northern Anatolia, in the northeastern part of modern Turkey. The combination of rugged mountains and coastal settlements has provided people with rich natural resources and trade connections.
This post lists the main Pontic sites from the Greco-Roman eras located between Trapezus and Sinope (modern Trabzon and Sinop). The information below is based on a four-day trip taken along the coast in September 2026.
Introduction to Pontus
Topography: The Pontus region is noted for its rugged mountainous terrain, rainy weather, and cultivation of tea and hazelnuts. With peaks over 2,600 meters (8,000 feet), the Paryadres Mountains separate the narrow coastal strip from the interior cities (e.g., Amasya and Satala). The massive rainfall has cut deep gorges into the northern slope of the range. Agricultural space on the coastal strip is limited to the promontory of Sinop and two river deltas, where the Halys (Kızıl İrmak) and Iris Rivers (Yeşil İrmak) enter the Black Sea. North of the mountain range is a thin coastal strip with port cities, and south of the range are inland valley cities.
Cities: The main cities in Pontus were scattered along the Black Sea coast. Curiously, large cities were never developed on the fertile river deltas. This indicates the initial Greek colonies had a strong maritime outlook, preferring natural fortresses for defense and harbors for trade. The Hellenistic-era landscape featured hilltop fortified citadels with related settlements below. For example, Mithradates VI allegedly had over 50 such citadels. Pompey and subsequent Roman leaders dismantled many Pontic fortifications and urbanized the landscape. This was a deliberate strategy to control the local populations. In the fourth century (after Nicomedia (290 CE) and Constantinople (324) became imperial capitals) roads and settlements flourished in nearby Pontus. During the Arab invasions of the 7-8CC, the hilltop fortifications became repopulated.
Political History: Greeks from Miletus formed colonies along the Pontic coastline, beginning in Sinope, around 7C BCE to trade around the Black Sea. Coastal cities further east (e.g., modern Giresun and Trabzon) were established within a century. In 301 BCE, the Hellenized Persian Mithradates I founded the new kingdom of Pontus. Pharnaces I (ca. 189–169 BC), the grandfather of Mithradates VI Eupator, transformed Pontus from a regional power into an Anatolian state that battled the Attalid Kingdom in Pergamon. The famed Mithradates VI Eupator (120–63 BCE) established control over much of the Black Sea region, displaced Romans from the province of Asia, and even invaded Greece.
Led by generals Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey, the Romans fought and defeated Mithradates VI in the three Mithradatic Wars (89–63 BCE). In 64 BCE, Pompey annexed Pontus and Bithynia as a Roman province. During the Roman Era, Pontus exported forest wood for shipbuilding, raw minerals, and hazelnuts throughout the broader Empire. With the rest of Anatolia, it later became part of the Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman empires.
Early Christianity: Pontus is mentioned three times in the New Testament. Jews from Pontus were at Pentecost (Acts 2:9). Aquila, the husband of Priscilla, hailed from Pontus before moving to Rome and then joining Paul’s ministry in Corinth and Ephesus (Acts 18:2). Pontus is the first region mentioned in 1 Peter 1:1.
Day 1– Trapezus (Trabzon)
The ancient city of Trapezus began as a Greek colony, and it remained prominent during the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman periods. The Empire of Trebizond functioned as a Byzantine rump state from 1204–1461 CE. This was the result of Constantinople being captured in 1204 (by Latin Crusaders) and 1453 (by Ottoman Turks). Today, Trabzon is the largest Turkish city on the Black Sea coast. Since the city has been continuously inhabited, the ancient settlement remains under the modern city.
1. Trabzon Archaeology Museum (downtown area, at Kostaki Mansion, here)
We arrived around noon and planned to visit the archaeology museum. However, it is closed on Mondays (the day off of many museums in Turkey). A walk around its courtyard revealed a sparse collection of Greco-Roman artifacts.
2. Trabzon Hagia Sophia (5 km west of downtown Trabzon, here)
The 13th-century church was constructed as the new imperial church by Manuel I Comnenus (based on a now-lost donor relief). Their dynasty claimed succession to the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople fell to Latin Crusaders in 1204, thus making Trabzon their imperial capital. The well-preserved frescoes in the narthex, nave, apse, and even the dome are the finest Byzantine wall paintings from the thirteenth century. The south porch of the church has a sculptural frieze of scenes from Genesis (article here). Images of the church are here.
The courtyard has three areas with historical remains. Most are Ottoman-era gravestones, yet some remains date to the Greco-Roman era. These include columns and architraves from a supposed Roman temple found during a construction project downtown. As a functioning mosque, the Hagia Sophia is free to enter and has been developed as a pleasant area for visitors.
3. Boztepe Hill/Mount Mithrion/Kizlar Monastery (2 km south of downtown Trabzon, here)
The prominent hill overlooking the city was a sacred location. The hill was associated with Mithras and was known as Mount Mithrion, preserving its connection with the cult. The Byzantine-era Life of St. Eugenius describes the destruction of a Mithras statue and the building of St. John the Baptist Church on the hill. Mithras also appears prominently on Roman-era coinage. However, no Mithraeum has been excavated or located with certainty. The most common identification is the rock-cut cave later incorporated into Kızlar Manastır. The Monastery of Theotokos was founded in the Byzantine period and functioned until the population exchange in 1923.
Today Boztepe offers a scenic lookout point; a nice road leads to the top. Kızlar Manastır (here) was restored around 2020 and is open to the public (except on Mondays).
4. Roman Walls (Trabzon Kale, here)
The east side of ancient/downtown Trabzon was protected by a river gorge running north into the ocean. Late Roman walls with a fortress run along the upper part of the valley, and a 30-meter section of a stone bridge remains in the valley. Here is a helpful Wiki article on the Trabzon walls with a map from 1898. In modern Trabzon, Özlem Caddesi (here) and a nice park run through the valley.
The river enters the sea at the Pazarkapı district. I read reports that substantial parts of the ancient waterfront were discovered in Pazarkapı, but two drives through the area showed only modern development. The modern highway would make exploring the area challenging.
Just east of the valley stands Yeni Cuma Cami (here), a 13C Byzantine church converted into an Ottoman mosque. The structure with its central dome is well preserved. The interior has been completely plastered, with only voussoirs of the arches left exposed.
5. Inland from Trabzon
Two notable sites are located about one hour south of Trabzon by car. Sumela Monastery, famous for its location on a steep hillside, was a 4C monastery that expanded to a 72-room monastic complex in the 14C. As a famous site in Turkey, go early in the morning to avoid long lines.
Zigana Pass was the main historic route connecting Trabzon with the interior portion of Pontus and Anatolia. Since 2023, the road runs through tunnels, but the old road goes over the natural chokepoint. The Roman legionary fortress at Satala defended Zigana Pass. The Trapezous–Satala road route is well documented and photographed in “An Evaluation of the Ancient Trapezous Satala Road” (JAHA 2025) here.
In Trabzon, we stayed at Deryaman Hotel here, which is recommended. It was next to the downtown area, yet quiet, in addition to being nice and clean.
Day 2–Kerasous and Kotyora (Giresun and Ordu)
We departed Trabzon early because it was a long day of travel with many stops en route to Ünye, Ordu.
1. Hermonassa (modern Akçaabat, 15 km west of Trabzon, here).
The ancient Pontic harbor town was renamed Pharnakia by Pharnaces I, King of Pontus, in the 2C BC. That name evolved into Platana in medieval times. The modern city of Akçaabat covers the ancient city, so we only drove through it.
2. Kordyle Castle (Akçakale Kalesi, 25 km west of Trabzon, here).
Kordyle was developed during the Hellenistic period as a minor maritime settlement rather than a large urban city. The 2C Roman geographer Arrian mentions Kordyle in his Periplus of the Euxine, and Roman itineraries recorded it as Cordile. During the Byzantine and Empire of Trebizond periods, the site became more important, and a substantial fortress was constructed above the harbor. The medieval fortress survives, while most of the ancient Hellenistic and Roman settlement has been lost. Recent excavations were published in Zeynep Ogretmen Aydin, “New Historical Findings Discovery at Inner Areas of Akçakale Castle (Trabzon, Turkey) with GPR Method” (Sigma, 2022), available here. The side gate was unlocked, and a path led into the central courtyard.
3. Kerasous/Pharnakeia (modern Giresun, 130 km west of Trabzon)
Ancient Greeks named the city Kerasous—the Greek word for “cherry” (and the source of the English word) because the Roman general Lucullus brought the fruit from here to Rome. Greek colonists from Sinope/Miletus founded the settlement around the 7C BC. Like Hermonassa, it was renamed Pharnacia by Pharnaces I of Pontus in 2C BC. Rome captured the city in 63 BC and restored its name to Kerasous (Latin: Cerasus). Ancient sources mention a temple, church, and theater, though no physical remains survive. The modern city of Giresun, a small Turkish province, retains the Greek name.
4. Giresun Archaeology Museum (here)
Artifacts are housed in an 18C Greek basilica church. The majority of remains are from the Turkic and modern periods. There are small objects from the Roman Imperial period: e.g., coins, urns, terracotta figurines, and vases. There is a small display about excavations at Giresun Island. The cellar outside includes pithoi and some cut stones.
5. Giresun Island (1.7 km off the coast of modern Giresun, here)
Known as Aretias ("Island of Ares") in the Greek era, this is the only island in the Black Sea with an ancient settlement. The island was associated with two Greek legends: the Amazon women sacrificed horses beside here before going to war; Jason and his Argonaut companions stopped here and fought off the "Birds of Ares," creatures who shot their bronze feathers. Arrian and Pliny the Elder mention a temple to Ares/Mars.
Excavations by the Giresun Museum since 2009 show continuous occupation from the 6C BC through the Medieval era. Remains include an ancient harbor area, the foundation of a pagan sanctuary with an altar, a 12C Byzantine church dedicated to St. Phokas with over 50 skeletal remains, and fortification walls from the Genoese and Komnenian times. This article discusses the historical names and excavations of the island: Salih Kaymakçı “Ares’e Adanmiş Bir Ada Aretias /Giresun Adasi” (Erzincan University Journal, 2026), here.
The small island (150 meters in diameter) is easily visible from the shore. During the summer, tour boats take passengers to the island. On the drizzly day in September that we visited, boats were not running. Allow 3-4 hours for a visit, which includes time for transportation.
6. Giresun Castle (Giresun Kalesi, here)
The castle sits on a volcanic spur (130 meters high) that separates the city. The inner and outer castles include cisterns, wells, watchtowers, rock-cut tombs, and caves. The Hellenistic base of the walls is associated with Pharnaces I of Pontus (2C BC). Interestingly, French officials working for the Ottoman Empire were imprisoned in the castle when the French occupied Ottoman Egypt in 1798. A winding road leads to the top, which is open and pleasant to walk about.
7. Kotyora (modern Ordu, 45 km west of Giresun)
The colony at Sinope likely founded this Greek settlement, though the precise date is unknown. Located between Sinop and Trabzon, it was a small coastal hub in the Hellenistic and Roman era. The ancient town was located either in downtown Ordu or, more likely, at Bozukkale. The latter is 3 km north of Ordu proper, and it has remains of a Byzantine fortress on a small promontory (Cotyora Bozukkale, here). The identification remains uncertain because excavations or surface surveys have not been conducted.
8. The Pasaoglu Mansion and Ethnology Museum (downtown Ordu, here)
An Ottoman Mansion houses a few archaeological objects from the Ordu province, most notably 15 ceramic pithoi (upstairs) and a 3C Roman milestone (in the courtyard). The future Ordu Archaeological Museum will display finds from excavations at Kurul Kalesi, Cıngırt Kayası, and Ünye Kalesi.
9. Kurul Kalesi (20 km due south of Ordu, here)
This Mithradatic fortress is located inland on a ridge overlooking a river valley, at an elevation of 571 meters. The site is closed because of ongoing excavations. We did not drive to it, as museum authorities said it was completely closed. Prof. S. Yücel Şenyurt has dozens of articles on Kurul Kalesi on his Academia page, along with Prof. Atakan Akçay here.
10. Jason’s Cape/Iasonia Akte/Iasonion (Yason Burnu, 31 km northwest of Ordu, here)
This picturesque cape jutting into the Black Sea is a popular day-trip destination (perhaps because of its iconic name!). During his legendary quest for the Golden Fleece, Jason of the Argonauts moored his ship, the Argo, here to take shelter from a storm on this sheltering spit of land. Ancient sources mention a temple of Jason as a protective site for sailors, and old column sections were found scattered around the area. The south side has a harbor and rock-cut pools for breeding fish. The only remaining historical structure is a Greek Orthodox Church dedicated to St. Nicholas, built in 1868 and restored in 2004. No excavations or surface surveys have been conducted.
11. Martyrion/Monastery Church of Constantine and Helena (in Fatsa, 40 km west of Ordu, here)
This church was rediscovered in 2021 during excavations in a nearby Roman cemetery. Travelers in the 1800s documented the church, but historians since 1960 have said it no longer existed. The church has an octagonal naos (13m across), with a side chapel and gallery level. The east apse and foundations have survived. Considering its location near a necropolis and octagonal shape, it was likely built as a martyrion (place of a martyr’s death and commemoration) in Late Antiquity. Major renovations in the 13C made it more monastic in function.
This paper surveys previous publications and recent excavation work, with helpful diagrams and pictures: Seçkin Evcim, “Fatsa-Polemonion Oktagonu (Aziz Konstantin ve Helena Manastırı Kilisesi)” (2022), on Academia here. Also, the Google Maps location for the site is 100 meters east of the actual site, which is located at 41.0239813767907, 37.52001329620942, here.
12. Cıngırt Kayası (1.5 km inland from the westernmost end of Fatsa, 45 km west of Ordu, here)
A massive natural rock protrudes 200 meters from the coastal valley. Small finds indicate human presence from the early Stone Age through the Byzantine period (until 8C CE). This was a fortified outpost that Mithradates VI established for his defensive security. Prof. Ayşe Fatma Erol has dozens of articles (English and Turkish) about Cıngırt Kayası on her Academia page here.
The actual rock fortress is located here. A steep gravel road leads to the peak, but the site is closed because of ongoing excavations. Nothing is visible from the gate. Google Maps sometimes mistakenly displays the excavation house as the site, though it is 4 km (as the crow flies) southeast in the village of Yapraklı.
13. Oinoe (modern Ünye, 65 km west of Ordu, here)
The charming coastal town of Ünye is built over the ancient settlement of Oinoe. In antiquity, the city was a waypoint for navigation purposes rather than a major polis. Two engraved columns and a wall portion are downtown near the Ünye Cumhuriyet Meydanı, opposite the pier.
At night, we stayed at the Ünye Uygulama Hotel here. It was affordable and had nice sea views, but it was sparse and outside of town.
Day 3–Oinoe and Amisos (Ünye and Samsun)
This day involved a lengthy drive from Ünye to Sinop, passing through Samsun.
1. Ünye Castle (5 km southeast of Ünye, here).
This isolated limestone outcrop was ideal for a garrison fortress (Greek phrouria). Based on archaeological remains, Mithradatic kings developed it as a garrison fortress, and the Byzantines later occupied the area. The site includes rock-cut stairs with post-sockets for wooden posts, water cisterns, sarcophagus tombs cut into the bedrock (khamosorion), monumental rock-tomb facades, a Byzantine chapel, and a long tunnel leading to the spring. The initial archaeology report is here: Mehmet Özsait, "Arkeolojik Verilerin Işığı Altında Ünye," AST 25/2 (2008), pp. 293–306.
A monumental rock-tomb facade stands directly above the ticket booth. The structure resembles a temple with a triangular pediment lined with dentils and flanked by two carved eagles. Frescoes with Byzantine saints line the side walls. The published article, Hacer Kumandaş Yanmaz, “Ordu İli Ünye İlçesi Kaya Mezarlari” (2018), is here. A second, less-impressive rock tomb is not visible.
The castle’s main feature is a 4-meter-wide, 235-meter-long tunnel constructed through the rock mass. The tunnel descends at a 45-degree angle with 560 steps to a natural spring. At the base is a small pool of water, a cultic space, and a simple Roman-era well. The Byzantines used the area as a wine cellar. Archaeologists filled 12 crates of findings, including many bull bones. A rail car has been installed, allowing visitors a slow ride to the bottom for about $6. Ünye Kalesi opened in 2024 after extension renovations.
2. Amisos/Sampsames (modern Samsun)
Ancient Amisos was founded by Milesian colonists in the 7C BC at Çakalca-Karadoğan Höyük (Kurupelit Tümülüsü here, 15 km from the twin tumuli mound). A second colonization wave came from Athens (mid-5C BCE), and the city was briefly renamed Peiraieus as a member of the Delian League. Around 400 BC, the city relocated to the site of the current twin tumuli.
Mithradates VI Eupator built a royal residence and fortified town called Eupatoria. In 71 BC, the Roman armies of Lucullus attacked and looted the city, bringing it under Roman control. Julius Caesar installed a local tyrant/king (47 BC), then Caesar Augustus granted it civic autonomy (31 BC). The main road from the Black Sea coast into Anatolia connected Amisos/Samsun with Amaseia/Amasya. The Princeton Encyclopedia entry has more history here.
3. Samsun Museum (downtown Samsun, at the port, here)
Cities in Turkey usually have separate museums for archaeology (prehistory through Byzantine eras) and Turkish heritage (the Ottoman period, especially daily life). But the new Samsun Museum features both under one roof. Its central pieces include a large floor mosaic found in the acropolis in the 1960s, a bronze statue of a young athlete, and extensive gold jewelry found in a Hellenistic tomb. Unfortunately, not much has been excavated in Samsun, so many of the objects displayed appear to be from outside the province.
4. Twin Tumuli at Baruthane/Kalkanca (Toraman Tepe, Amisos Tepesi, 4 km west of central Samsun, here)
Two 3C BC burial mounds for Hellenistic rulers lie on the ancient acropolis. The area has a scenic café and cable car. People can walk around the mounds and see some retaining walls. Cumont’s 1906 map shows several other tumuli around the city. The Wiki article summarizes the excavations from 1995 and 2004–05: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisos_Tepesi.
5. Asarkal Rock Tombs (Asarkale Kaya Mezarları, 20 south of Bafra/Samsun, here)
A hilltop fortress with rock-cut tombs overlooking the Halys River (Kızıl Irmak). The three rock-cut tombs date to the Hellenistic/Mithradatic era. A tunnel from the road gives access to the fortress. Excavations began in 2024 to prepare the site for visitors (news article and history here). We did not drive to the site.
Day 4–Sinope (Sinop)
For an ancient city, Sinope had an ideal geographical location. The 7-km-long peninsula is the northernmost point of Anatolia (so close to the Crimean Peninsula), had deep-water ports on both sides (great for trade), and is only 250 meters wide at its narrowest point (very defensible). Strabo said that Sinope “has received advantages from nature which have been improved by art. It is built upon the neck of a peninsula; on each side of the isthmus are harbours, stations for vessels, and fisheries worthy of admiration for the capture of the bonito fish” (12.3).
Greeks from Miletus founded ancient Sinope in the 8-7C. By the 6-5C it was a thriving maritime center that founded additional Black Sea colonies, including Trapezus, Kotyora, and Kerasous. The 5-4C BC Greek philosopher Diogenes was exiled from Sinope and taught the Cynic philosophy in Athens.
Pharnaces I made Sinope the capital of his kingdom. The city was the hometown, capital, and burial location of Mithradates VI Eupator. In the Roman era, the city had an aqueduct for fresh water and housed the Romans’ Black Sea fleet. The 2C Christian heretic Marcion, the son of a wealthy shipowner, grew up in Sinop before teaching in Rome.
1. Sinop Archaeology Museum (downtown Sinop)
Although the downtown building is dated, the Sinop Archaeology Museum features a treasure trove of Pontic history. It has a fine display of the amphora workshop at Demirci, a collection of ~20 Roman milestones, full inscriptions with English translations, dozens of late-antique mosaic panels, and the foundations of a Hellenistic-era temple. The temple is identified as a Temple of Serapis based upon literary references, but archaeology has not yet confirmed that. The museum is closed on Tuesdays, and parking is very limited.
2. Balatlar Church (Roman Baths, here)
East of the city walls and at the base of the headland (Boztepe) is a massive complex named Balatlar Palace. The name comes from a local legend that the structure was Mithradates’ palace. Archaeologists uncovered Hellenistic structures, but their purpose is unclear. In the 2C CE, a large-scale Roman bath was constructed, and that’s the main structure visible today. The northern section was a large palaestra. A 12C Byzantine church and 15C chapel were constructed inside the bath complex. The Balatlar complex is closed because of ongoing archaeological excavations.
Two above-ground cisterns stand 150 meters north of the Baths (here). These Byzantine-era cisterns captured spring water from the headland of Boztepe for the baths.
3. City Walls and Towers (around Sinop)
The city walls were 3 kilometers in length and had 60 towers. Fortuitously, most of Sinop’s defensive structures remain on all four sides of the city. They date to the Hellenistic era, with repairs and restoration from the Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman eras. The many styles are visibly evident. The northern wall above the harbor is the best preserved overall. The exterior-facing, western section preserves large sections of Hellenistic wall, made of fine ashlar in local Boztepe limestone. The curtain wall had numerous arrow and ballista ports.
After Lucullus conquered Sinope in 70 BCE, the defensive openings were blocked, and three towers were replaced by monumental arches, transforming the former fortress gate into the “beautiful city wall” praised by Strabo. Visitors can access the southeasternmost tower (and get a beer on top!). From 1887–1997, the inner castle served as a local prison. It has been converted into a museum, and it provides a close look at the inner castle walls. The main road through Sinop (Sarkaya Cd) was the Roman-era cardo street.
4. Roman Bridge (in Çiftlik village, 5 km south of Sinop, here).
At Çiftlik (probably ancient Kuptasia), a Roman/Byzantine era bridge stands on the beach. Geomorphological changes along the coastline render the original route unintelligible, but they make for an iconic picture of a Roman bridge on a sandy beach.
Nearby was the foundation of a 5C Byzantine Church built as a pilgrimage site for St. Phocas. The church has been associated with the Sinope Gospels, a 6C illuminated Greek Bible manuscript. Already in the 1990s, the church was eroding into the sea (see S. Hill, 'Rescue Excavations at Çiftlik' in Ancient Anatolia (BIAA, 1998): 285-300, available here). To my understanding, it has been completely lost, as we could not locate it.
Conclusions
Overall, Pontus is a beautiful region with majestic green mountains, stunning coastline, and charming fishing communities. The trip was a delight. Four days afforded a nice trip, though a fifth day would have allowed us to visit inland fortresses. You could make the trip an 8-9 day loop and visit inland Pontus sites such as Pompeiopolis, Amasya, Niksar, Zile, Comana Pontica, and Satala.
Here are three reflections from the time.
1. Hazelnuts. Hazelnuts are everywhere—and that’s an understatement! We visited in September, when local farmers take over the sidewalks to sun-dry hazelnuts. This region in Turkey produces 600,000 tons of hazelnuts annually.
2. Civic Architecture. The Pontus region has sparse historical remains, especially compared to the sites of Roman Asia along Turkey’s Aegean coast. Sinop was the only city with notable architectural structures: e.g., a Hellenistic temple, Roman baths, and ancient walls. The other cities offer little to see in terms of civic buildings. Earlier travelers to Trabzon, Giresun, and Samsun reported the remains of monumental structures, such as theaters, stadiums, and temples. These are important because they marked and defined the ancient city as part of the wider Hellenistic and Roman world. Because the mountain range squeezes the coastal strip, local communities with limited space for relocation have built over the Greco-Roman remains. The most impressive historical sites are fortresses from the Hellenistic era, and in the city of Sinop.
3. Books. To learn more about the region, I’m eager to follow up with these works:
Duane W. Roller, Empire of the Black Sea: The Rise and Fall of the Mithridatic World (Oxford University Press, 2020). A general history of the kingdom of Pontos by a leading classical scholar.
Christian Marek, Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nord-Galatia (Tübingen, 1993). An epigraphical documentation of the history of the Roman territories from 65 BC to 192 CE.
Franz Cumont and Eugène Cumont, Voyage d'exploration archéologique dans le Pont et la Petite Arménie, (Brussels, 1906). Two brothers, a classical historian and a military officer, traveled through Pontus in 1900. Their research remains useful for its maps and historical geography.
A. Bryer and D. Winfield, The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (1985). An academic survey covering Byzantine-era churches and structures.
O. Doonan, “Bithynia et Pontus,” in Blackwell Companion to Roman Archaeology (OUP, 2024), 443-67. An updated and insightful overview of Roman archaeology, focused on Bithynia and Sinope.
Comments